Vigilius Eriksen’s and Stefano Torelli’s Portraits of Catherine II in Russian Dress: Two Competing Images of Russianness? Part I
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2024.304Аннотация
A series of two articles offers an interpretation of the two portraits of Catherine II in Russian dress painted by Vigilius Eriksen and Stephano Torelli in the light of the conceptual fields of the terms “people” (French)/“Volk” (German) which was translated into Russian, as Ingrid Schirle revealed, as “народ” implying sociological meaning and “nation” (French)/“Nation” (German) translated into Russian as “государство” or “отечество”. A present paper examines Vigilius Eriksen’s portrait. Comparison with period visual material together with newly discovered textual evidence categorically proves that Vigilius Eriksen’s portrait, as well as Russian court dress, offers an image of boyar attire, though the elements perceived as Russian were, as shown by Svetlana Amelekhina and Daniel Green, characteristic for both pre-Petrine elite dress, some types of period folk dress and some even for European dress. Such dress implies and glorious centuries-long history of the state — the same ideas as those promoted in academic history painting. The paper offers analysis of the artistic traits of Eriksen’s portrait and ways of dissemination of the portrait which make it an efficient instrument of implementing Catherine’s idea.
Ключевые слова:
Catherine II, Vigilius Eriksen, Russian court dress, folk dress, portrait of a ruler, people, nation
Скачивания
Данные скачивания пока недоступны.
Библиографические ссылки
References
1. Vrangel’, Nikolai. “Foreign Artists of the 18th Century in Russia”. Starye gody, July — September (1911): 5–71. (In Russian)
2. Renne, Elizaveta. “‘They Liked Me at First Glance’: Painted Portraits of Catherine II”. In Catherine the Great: Art for Empire: Masterpieces from the State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg: Catalogue of the Exhibition, Art Gallery of Ontario, 1st October 2005 — 1st January 2006, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, 2nd February — 7th May 2006, ed. by Nathalie Bondil, 149–55. Montreal: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts; Ghent: Snoeck Publ., 2005.
3. Renne, Elizaveta. Catherine II through the Eyes of Vigilius Eriksen and Alexander Roslin. Catherine the Great & Gustav III: [Exhib. Cat., Nationalmuseum, Stockholm]. Stockholm: Nationalmuseum; St. Petersburg: State Hermitage Museum, 1999.
4. Renne, Elizaveta. “Catherine’s Portraits as a Political Tool”. In Catherine the Greatest: Self-Polished Diamond of the Hermitage: Catalogue of the Exhibition, 18th June 2016 to 15th January 2017, State Hermitage in St Petersburg and the Hermitage Amsterdam, eds George Bijl, and Vincent Boele, 107–26. Amsterdam: Hermitage Amsterdam, 2016.
5. Renne, Elizaveta. Vigilius Eriksen (1722–1782). St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha Publ., 2022. (In Russian)
6. Khachaturov, Sergei, Anna Korndorf, Sergei Kusnetsov et al. Enlightenment Gothic. Vasily Bazhenov Anniversary Year: Exhibition Catalogue. Moscow: In Artibus Publ., 2017.
7. Kirsanova, Raisa. “Frenchified Sarafan”. Rodina, no. 1 (2003): 33–7.
8. Korshunova, Tamara. Costume in Russia of the 18th — Early 20th Centuries from the Collection of the State Hermitage: Album. Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR Publ., 1979. (In Russian)
9. Korshunova, Tamara, and Nina Tarasova. “Ceremonial Costumes of the Russian Court of the 18th — Early 20th Centuries in the Collection of the State Hermitage”. In Pri Dvore rossiiskikh imperatorov. Kostium XVIII — nachala XX veka v sobranii Ermitazha: katalog vystavki, Ermitazh, 17 maia — 21 sentiabria 2014, 53–66. 2 vols. St. Petersburg: State Hermitage Museum Publ., 2022, vol. 1. (In Russian)
10. Amelekhina, Svetlana. Ceremonial Costume of the Russian Imperial Court in the Collection of Moscow Kremlin Museums. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi istoriko-kul’turnyi muzei-zapovednik “Moskovskii Kreml’” Publ., 2016. (In Russian)
11. Amelekhina, Svetlana. “Cultural-Historical Evolution of the Form and Symbolics of Ceremonial Costumes under Russian Imperial Court in the 18th–19th Centuries”. PhD diss., Gosudarstvennyi istoriko-kul’turnyi muzei-zapovednik “Moskovskii Kreml’” Publ., 2003. (In Russian)
12. Amelekhina, Svetlana, and Daniel Green. “Ceremonial ‘Russian Dress’ as a Phenomenon of Court Culture”. Clothing Cultures 3, no. 3 (2016): 191–218.
13. Borderiauх, Ksenia. Dress of the Empress. Catherine II and European Costume in the Russian Empire. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2016. (In Russian)
14. Skvortsova, Ekaterina. “Monarch’s Costume as the Means of Representation of Unity with the Population in Europe in the 17th — Early 19th Century”. In Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art, iss. 12, eds Anna Zakharova, Svetlana Mal’tseva, and Ekaterina Staniukovich-Denisova, 236–46. http://doi.org/10.18688/aa2212-03-16 (In Russian)
15. Zhivov, Viktor. “‘Vsiakaia Vsiachina’ and Creation of Catherine’s political discourse”. Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy, eds Roger Bartlett, Gabriela Lehmann-Carli, 251–67. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2008. (In Russian)
16. Ivleva, Victoria. “Catherine II as Female Ruler: The Power of Enlightened Womanhood”. ВИВЛIОθИКА: E-Journal of Eighteenth-Century Russian Studies, no. 3 (2015): 20–46. https://doi.org/10.21900/j.vivliofika.v3.584
17. Korndorf, Anna. “Invention of Antiquity. Catherine II as the Author of the Program of National History Painting”. Iskusstvoznanie, no. 2 (2022): 294–349. (In Russian)
18. Schierle, Ingrid. “Notions ‘Narod’ and ‘Natsiia’ in Russian Translations of the Second Half of the 18th Century”. In Laboratoriia poniatii. Perevod i iazyki politiki v Rossii XVIII veka, eds Sergei Pol’skoi, and Vladislav Rzheutskii, 104–35. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2022. (In Russian)
19. Stählin, Jacob von. Jacob Stählin’s Notes on Fine Arts in Russia. 2 vols. Rus. ed. Transl. and comment. by Konstantin Malinovskii. Мoscow: Iskusstvo Publ., 1990, vol. 1. (In Russian)
20. Dimsdale, Thomas. “Thomas Dimsdale’s Note on His Stay in Russia”. In Sbonik RIO (A Miscellany of Russian History Society). 2 vols. Rus. ed. Transl. by Konstantin Zlobin, vol. 2 (1868): 295–321. (In Russian)
21. Rovinskii, Dmitrii. Elaborate Dictionary of Russian Engraved Portraits. 4 vols. St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaia Akademiia nauk Publ., 1887, vol. 2. (In Russian)
22. Houfe, Simon. “Portraits from Saint-Petersburg”. Country Life, 16 November (1989): 78–81.
23. Renne, Elizaveta. “Eriksen as a Miniature Painter: Little-Known Aspect of His Art”. In Atributsiia predmeta: intuitsiia, opyt, document. Sbornik nauchnykh statei 27 tsarskosel’skoi konferentsii, comp. by Gosudarstvennyi muzei-zapovednik ‘Tsarskoe Selo’, 787–800. St. Petersburg: Russkaia kollektsiia Publ., 2021. (In Russian)
24. Andersen, Troels. “Vigilius Eriksen in Russia, 1757–1772”. Artes. Periodical of the Fine Arts, vol. 1, October (1965): 45–93.
25. Müller, Aleksandra. Foreign Artists and Sculptors in Russia. Мoscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo Publ., 1925. (In Russian)
26. Ward, Lucy. The Empress and the English Doctor: How Catherine the Great defied a deadly virus. London: Oneworld, 2022.
27. Stählin, Karl. Aus den Papieren Jacob von Stählins: Ein biographischer Beitrag zur deutsch-russischen Kulturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Königsberg; Berlin: Ost-Europa-Verlag, 1926.
28. Gaßner, Hubertus, ed. Krieg und Frieden: eine deutsche Zarin in Schloss Pawlowsk. München; Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 2001.
29. Goldovskii, Grigorii, Iurii Epatko et al. Catherine the Great in the Country and in the World: after Materials of the Exhibition, Held at the State Russian Museum. St. Petersburg: Palace Editions Publ., 2017. (In Russian)
30. Zaionts, Liudmila. “Polish Seasons, or ‘Russian Dress’ of the Empress”. Accessed May 13, 2024. https://independent.academia.edu/LudmilaZayonts.
31. Epatko, Iurii. “Portraits of the Empress Catherine II”. In Catherine the Great in the Country and in the World: after Materials of the Exhibition, Held at the State Russian Museum. St. Petersburg: Palace Editions Publ., 2017. (In Russian)
32. Pyliaev, Mikhail. Old St. Petersburg. Stories from the Past Life of the Capital. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia A. S. Suvorina Publ., 1887. (In Russian)
33. Catherine II, lectrice de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Chemins des Lumièrs en Val d’Oise. L’exposition “Catherine II, lectrice de Jean-Jacque Rousseau” est présentée dans les salles du musée Lean-Jacques Rousseau de Montmorency du 20 septembre 1998 au 21 mars 1999. [S. l.]: Musée Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1998.
34. Proskurina, Vera. “Catherine II in ‘The Captain’s Daughter’ by Aleksander Pushkin and Visual-Literary Context”. In Homo Scriptor. Sbornik statei i materialov v chest’ 70-letiia M. Epshteina, ed. by Mark Lipovetskii, 140–69. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2020. (In Russian)
35. Vasilieva, Irina. Russian Art of the 18th — Early 20th Century in the Collection of the Novgordian State United Museum-Reserve. Moscow: Severnyi palomnik Publ., 2006. (In Russian)
36. Khoroshilova, Ol’ga. “Catherine II: Meet on Clothes”. Rodina, no. 2 (2019): 79–82. (In Russian)
37. Gennadi, Grigorii. “About Portrait of Catherine II in Her Old Years”. Russkaia starina 16, no. 5 (1876): 204–5. (In Russian)
38. Dutov, Anatolii. “Once Again on Portraits of ‘Wife of Moscow Ambassador’”. Transactions of the State Hermitage, vol. 101. Personalities from Peter the Great’s Time — 2019: Proceedings of the Conference, eds Vladimir Meshcheriakov, and Irina Saverkina, 101–12. St. Petersburg: Gosudarstvennyi Russkii muzei Publ., 2019. (In Russian)
39. Goldovskii, Grigorii, Vikhoreva, Lada, ed. State Russian museum. Painting. Catalogue: 18th Century. 15 vols. St. Petersburg: Palace Editions Publ., 1998, vol. 1. (In Russian)
40. Vershinina, Natal’a. Museum of Costume: Album-Guidebook / State Museum-Reserve “Pavlovsk”. St. Petersburg: Lik Publ., 2014. (In Russian)
41. Goldovskii, Grigorii, Svetlana Moiseeva et al. Peter the Great: Time and Surrounding: Materials of the Exhibition Held at the State Russian Museum. St. Petersburg: Palace Editions Publ., 2015. (In Russian)
42. Bernstain, Lina. “Russian Eighteenth-Century Merchant Portraits in Words and in Oil”. The Slavic and East European Journal 49, no. 3 (2005): 407–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/20058301
43. Madlevskaia, Elena. Female Headdress Kokoshnik. Мoscow: Boslen Publ., 2022. (In Russian)
44. Georgi, Johann Gottlieb. Description of All People Inhabiting the Russian State… Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state, their worldly rites, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, religions and other memorabilia. 4 vols. St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaia Akademiia nauk Publ., 1799, vol. 1. (In Russian)
45. Andreeva, Tatiana et al. Russian Marriage: Exhibition Сatalogue to the ‘Russian Marriage. Traditions and Rites’. Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii muzei Publ., 2019. (In Russian)
46. Chichagov, Pavel. “Notes of Admiral Pavel Vasil’evich Chichagov, the First Maritime Minister”. Russkaia starina, no. 51 (1886): 247–70. (In Russian)
47. Bozherianov, Ivan. Nevsky Prospect [1703–1903]: Cultural-Historical Essay of the Two Cneturies of Life of St. Petersburg. 2 vols. St. Petersburg: А. Vil’borg Publ., 1901–1903, vol. 2, iss. 3. (In Russian)
48. Karev, Andrei. Miniature Portrait in Russia in the 18th Century. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ., 1989. (In Russian)
49. Jeffares, Neil. “Maurice, Louis-Joseph”. In Dictionary of Pastellists before 1800. Accessed May 16, 2023. http://www.pastellists.com/Articles/Maurice.pdf.
50. “Catherine II’s Idea of Russian People”. Russkii vestnik, no. 1 (1808): 85–6 (In Russian)
51. Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène. The Empress and the Abbot: Unpublished Literary Duel of Catherine II and Abbot Chappe d’Auteroche. Rus. ed. Transl. by Ol’ga Pavlovskaia. Мoscow: Olma-Press, 2005. (In Russian)
52. Shilder, Nicolai. “Two Characteristics. From the Notes of Count Fedor Golovkin”. Russkaia starina, no. 88, November (1896): 369–79. (In Russian)
53. Shelley, Marjorie. “Painting in the Dry Manner: The Flourishing of Pastel in 18th-Century Europe”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 68, no. 4 (2011): 4–56.
54. Catherine II and Voltaire. Correspondence. Rus. ed. Transl. and comp. by Aleksei Liubzhin. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Universiteta Dmitriia Pozharskogo Publ., 2022.
55. Wortman, Richard. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy. From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I. 2 vols. Rus. ed. Transl. by Sarra Zhitomirskaia. Мoscow: O. G. I. Publ., 2002, vol. 1. (In Russian)
Загрузки
Опубликован
29.08.2024
Как цитировать
Скворцова, Е. А. (2024). Vigilius Eriksen’s and Stefano Torelli’s Portraits of Catherine II in Russian Dress: Two Competing Images of Russianness? Part I. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Искусствоведение, 14(3), 504–522. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2024.304
Выпуск
Раздел
Изобразительное искусство
Лицензия
Статьи журнала «Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Искусствоведение» находятся в открытом доступе и распространяются в соответствии с условиями Лицензионного Договора с Санкт-Петербургским государственным университетом, который бесплатно предоставляет авторам неограниченное распространение и самостоятельное архивирование.
