Neoclassicism with a British Accent: Edwardian and Georgian Reflections in Russian Architecture of the 1900s–1910s
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2024.208Abstract
The article is dedicated to one of the stylistic trends of architecture of the Russian Empire in the early decades of the 20th century, namely neoclassics. The repertoire of classical architecture as such is cosmopolitan, but the very idea of arousing the classics at the beginning of the last century, marked by the appearance of Art Nouveau and the beginnings of modernism, turned out to be equally close to Great Britain in the Edwardian era and Russia during the time of the last emperor. This unanimity in the rejection of stylistic innovations is interesting as a phenomenon and undoubtedly deserves special study. At this stage, it can be stated that in Russian neoclassicism there was also a place for Anglomania, which was expressed, however, not in formal echoes of the Edwardian style, but in an interest in the history of the British classical tradition (primarily, the architecture of the Georgian era). The Edwardian idea of reviving the noble style of the past was embodied in Russia both in direct appeals to the legacy of Charles Cameron, who, serving the order of Catherine the Great, was an agent of Georgian architecture, and in an appeal to English scholars, who provided rich material on ancient Roman archaeology. The English influence in Russian neoclassicism is traced in the article from the very beginning (i. e. the moment when the Mansion of the Racing Society in Moscow, considered the first building of this stylistic movement, was designed by Ivan Zholtovsky in 1903) through the programmatic “Cameron-style” architecture of the Prince Sergey Shcherbatov’s house in the same place, created by Alexander Tamanyan, to those “Georgian” apartments inside the Palace on the Moika river embankment that were designed by Andrey Beloborodov for Prince Felix Yusupov, one of the most famous Anglomaniacs of St. Petersburg. “Georgian” reflections are also found in the Moscow mansion of Gavriil Tarasov built by Zholtovsky. Its exterior contains some references not only to Palladio’s Palazzo Thiene (Vicenza), but also to London’s Burlington House designed by Colen Campbell. Thus, the British “accent” in Russian neoclassicism of the 1900s–1910s sounds no less obvious than the Italian one.
Keywords:
architecture of the early 20th century, neoclassicism, Edwardian style, British influences, Ivan Zholtovsky, Alexander Tamanyan, Andrey Beloborodov
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Литература
1. Набоков, Владимир. Другие берега. СПб.: Азбука-Аттикус, 2013.
2. Martell. “Разгаданный ребус”. Архитектурно-художественный еженедельник, no. 24 (1914): 253–5.
3. Гинзбург, Александр. “Роль Германии в русской художественной промышленности”. Зодчий, no. 47 (1914): 525–7.
4. Кузнецов, Иван. “Архитектура, ваяние и живопись. Искусство или ремесло?”. Студия: журнал искусства и сцены, no. 2 (1911): 17.
5. Щербатов, Сергей. Художник в ушедшей России. М.: Согласие, 2000.
6. Лукомский, Георгий. Современный Петроград. Очерки истории возникновения и развития классического строительства. 1900–1915. Пг.: Свободное искусство, 1916.
7. Гнедовская, Татьяна. Немецкий Веркбунд и его архитекторы: история одного поколения. М.: Пинакотека, 2011.
8. Певзнер, Николай. Английское в английском искусстве. Пер. Ларисы Житковой. СПб.: Азбука-классика, 2004.
9. Чикалова, Ирина. Великобритания: изучение в Российской империи (XIX — начало XX вв.). СПб.: Алетейя, 2017.
10. Козлов, Сергей. Русские люди об англичанах в XIX — начале ХХ века. М.: Новый хронограф, 2015.
11. Вязова, Екатерина. Гипноз англомании. Англия и «английское» в русской культуре рубежа XIX и ХХ веков. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2009.
12. Hitchcock, Henry-Russell. Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New Heaven; London: Yale University Press, 1987.
13. McKean, John. “Thomson’s City: Mid-Nineteenth Century Glasgow”. Places 9, no. 1 (1994): 22–33.
14. Рзянин, Михаил. Русская архитектура. М.: Изд-во Акад. архитектуры СССР, 1947.
15. Хан-Магомедов, Селим. Иван Жолтовский. М.: С. Э. Гордеев, 2010.
16. Кириков, Борис. “Начальная стадия петербургского неоклассицизма (рубеж 1890 —1900-х годов)”. В сб. Архитектурное наследство 68, под ред. Игоря Бондаренко, 252–65. СПб.: Коло, 2018.
17. Печёнкин, Илья, и Ольга Шурыгина. Иван Жолтовский: Опыт жизнеописания советского архитектора. М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2023.
18. “Хроника”. Зодчий, no. 1 (1903): 6–7.
19. Архитектурный музей, вып. 3 (1903). Дата обращения январь 04, 2024. https://vivaldi.nlr.ru/pm000000541/view/?#page=23.
20. Ощепков, Григорий. И. В. Жолтовский: проекты и постройки. М.: Гос. изд-во лит-ры по строительству и архитектуре, 1955.
21. Архитектурная Москва, вып. 1 (1911). Дата обращения январь 04, 2024. https://lib.cntb-sa.ru/node/471?fragment=page-1.
22. Ревзин, Григорий. Неоклассицизм в русской архитектуре начала ХХ века. М.: [б. и.], 1992.
23. Фирсова, Анастасия. “Творческое наследие И. В. Жолтовского в отечественной архитектуре ХХ века”. Дис. канд. иск. 2 тома. Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова, 2004, т. 1.
24. Adam, Robert. Ruins of the palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia. London: printed for the author, 1764.
25. Wood, Robert. The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria. London: [s. n.], 1757.
26. Wood, Robert. The Ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor in the Desart. London: [s. n.], 1753.
27. Soane, John. Sketches in architecture: containing plans and elevations of cottages, villas and other useful buildings, with characteristic scenery by John Soane, architect to the Bank of England and Member of the Royal Academies of Parma and Florence. London: printed by J. Taylor, High Holborn, 1793.
28. Ежегодник Общества архитекторов-художников, вып. 3. (1908). Дата обращения январь 04, 2024. https://books.totalarch.com/n/1887.
29. Никольский, Андрей. “Итальянский Ренессанс и монументальная живопись русского неоклассицизма начала ХХ века (на примере росписей дома Скакового общества и особняка Тарасова в Москве)”. Academia. Архитектура и строительство, no. 4 (2015): 43–52.
30. Курбатов, Владимир. Петербург: Художественно-исторический очерк и обзор художественного богатства столицы. СПб.: Община св. Евгении, 1913.
31. Лансере, Николай. “Архитектор Чарльз Камерон”. В сб. Чарльз Камерон, под ред. Эриха Голлербаха и Николая Лансере, 7–20. М.; Пг.: Гос. изд-во, 1924.
32. Швидковский, Дмитрий. Чарлз Камерон при дворе Екатерины II. М.: Улей, 2010.
33. Adam, Robert, and James Adam. The works in architecture of Robert and James Adam, Esquires. 2 vols. London: printed for the authors, and sold by T. Becket, 1773, vol. 1.
34. Adam, Robert, and James Adam. The works in architecture of Robert and James Adam, Esquires. 2 vols. London: printed for the authors, and sold by T. Becket, 1773, vol. 2.
35. Комеч, Алексей, ред. Памятники архитектуры Москвы. Окрестности старой Москвы. М.: Искусство — XXI век, 2007.
36. Ежегодник Общества архитекторов-художников, вып. 7 (1912).
37. Иванов, Дмитрий. “Русский архитектор и художник Андрей Белобородов”. Наше наследие, no. 71 (2003): 144–51.
38. Юсупов, Феликс. Мемуары. Пер. Елены Кассировой. М.: Захаров, 2004.
39. Юдин, Евгений. Князья Юсуповы: Аристократическая семья в позднеимперской России: 1890–1916. М.: Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т, 2012.
40. Ежегодник Общества архитекторов-художников, вып. 11 (1916–1917).
41. Печёнкин, Илья. “Казус дома Тарасова. Заметки на полях творческой биографии И. В. Жолтовского”. В сб. Актуальные проблемы теории и истории искусства 10, под ред. Анны Захаровой, Светланы Мальцевой и Екатерины Станюкович-Денисовой, 460–71. СПб.: НП-Принт, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18688/aa200-3-40
42. Печёнкин, Илья. “Раннее творчество И. В. Жолтовского как частный случай конструирования классики в эпоху модернизма”. Вестник РГГУ. Серия: Философия. Социология. Искусствоведение, no. 4 (2020): 128–50. https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2020-4-128-150
43. Барщ, Михаил. “Воспоминания”. В изд. МАРХИ. XX век. Сборник воспоминаний, сост. Андрей Некрасов и Алексей Щеглов, 96–119. 5 томов. М.: Салон-Пресс, 2006, т. 1.
44. Северцева, Ольга, сост. Александр Георгиевич Габричевский. Биография и культура: документы, письма, воспоминания. М.: РОССПЭН, 2011.
45. Печёнкин, Илья, и Ольга Шурыгина. “Палладио по-русски. Новые данные о переводе ‘Четырех книг об архитектуре’ в начале ХХ века”. Искусствознание, no. 3–4 (2018): 238–63.
Источники
I. ГАРФ. Ф. 5283. Оп. 15. Д. 383. Л. 41.
References
1. Nabokov, Vladimir. Other Shores. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-Attikus Publ., 2013. (In Russian)
2. Martell. “The rebus is solved”. Arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennyi ezhenedel’nik, no. 24 (1914): 253–5. (In Russian)
3. Ginzburg, Aleksandr. “The role of Germany in the Russian art industry”. Zodchii, no. 47 (1914): 525–7. (In Russian)
4. Kuznetsov, Ivan. “Architecture, sculpture and painting: art or craft?”. Studiia: zhurnal iskusstva i stseny, no. 2 (1911): 17. (In Russian)
5. Shcherbatov, Sergei. The artist of bygone Russia. Moscow: Soglasie Publ., 2000. (In Russian)
6. Lukomsky, Georgii. Modern Petrograd. An essay of on the history of the emergence and development of classical construction: 1900–1915. Petrograd: Svobodnoe iskusstvo Publ., 1916. (In Russian)
7. Gnedovskaia, Tat’iana. The German Werkbund and its architects: THe story of one generation. Moscow: Pinakoteka Publ., 2011. (In Russian)
8. Pevzner, Nikolaus. The Englishness of English Art. Rus. ed. Transl. by Larisa Zhitkova. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-klassika Publ., 2004. (In Russian)
9. Chikalova, Irina. The Great Britain: Its studying in the Russian Empire (19th — beginning of the 20th century). St. Petersburg: Aleteiia Publ., 2017. (In Russian)
10. Kozlov, Sergei. Russians about the British, in the 19th — beginning of the 20th century. Moscow: Novyi khronograf Publ., 2015. (In Russian)
11. Viazova, Ekaterina. Hypnosis of Anglomania. England and Englishness in Russian culture of the Late 19th to Early 20th century. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2009. (In Russian)
12. Hitchcock, Henry-Russell. Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New Heaven; London: Yale University Press, 1987.
13. McKean, John. “Thomson’s City: Mid-Nineteenth Century Glasgow”. Places 9, no. 1 (1994): 22–33.
14. Rzianin, Mikhail. Russian Architecture. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii arkhitektury SSSR Publ., 1947. (In Russian)
15. Khan-Magomedov, Selim. Ivan Zholtovsky. Moscow: S. E. Gordeev Publ., 2010. (In Russian)
16. Kirikov, Boris. “The initial stage of St. Petersburg neoclassicism (the turn of the 1890s–1900s)”. In Arkhitekturnoe nasledstvo 68, comp. by Igor Bondarenko, 252–65. St. Petersburg: Kolo Publ., 2018. (In Russian)
17. Pechenkin, Ilia, and Olga Shurygina. Ivan Zholtovsky: An attempt at a biography of a Soviet architect. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2023. (In Russian)
18. “Chronicle”. Zodchii, no. 1 (1903): 6–7. (In Russian)
19. Architectural Museum, iss. 3 (1903). Accessed January 04, 2024. https://vivaldi.nlr.ru/pm000000541/view/?#page=23. (In Russian)
20. Oshchepkov, Grigorii. I. V. Zholtovsky: Designs and buildings. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo literatury po stroitel’stvu i arkhitekture Publ., 1955. (In Russian)
21. Architectural Moscow, iss. 1 (1911). Accessed January 04, 2024. https://lib.cntb-sa.ru/node/471?fragment=page-1. (In Russian)
22. Revzin, Grigorii. Neoclassicism in Russian architecture of the Early 20th century. Moscow: [s. n.], 1992. (In Russian)
23. Firsova, Anastasiia. “Creative heritage of I. V. Zholtovsky in Russian architecture of the twentieth century”. PhD diss. 2 vols. Moskovskii gosudarstvennyi universitet im. M. V. Lomonosova Publ., 2004, vol. 1. (In Russian)
24. Adam, Robert. Ruins of the palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia. London: printed for the author, 1764.
25. Wood, Robert. The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria. London: [s. n.], 1757.
26. Wood, Robert. The Ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor in the Desart. London: [s. n.], 1753.
27. Soane, John. Sketches in architecture: containing plans and elevations of cottages, villas and other useful buildings, with characteristic scenery by John Soane, architect to the Bank of England and Member of the Royal Academies of Parma and Florence. London: printed by J. Taylor, High Holborn, 1793.
28. Yearbook of the Society of Architectural Artists, iss. 3 (1908). Accessed January 04, 2024. https://books.totalarch.com/n/1887. (In Russian)
29. Nikol’skii, Andrei. “Italian Renaissance and monumental painting of Russian neoclassicism of the early twentieth century (on the example of murals at the Racing Society house and the Tarasov mansion in Moscow)”. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo, no. 4 (2015): 43–52. (In Russian)
30. Kurbatov, Vladimir. St. Petersburg: Artistic-historical essay and review of the capital’s artistic treasury. St. Petersburg: Obshchina sv. Evgenii Publ., 1913. (In Russian)
31. Lanceray, Nikolai. “Architect Charles Cameron”. In Charles Cameron, eds Erich Hollerbach and Nikolai Lanceray. Moscow; Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo Publ., 1924: 7–20. (In Russian)
32. Shvidkovskii, Dmitrii. Charles Cameron at the Court of Ekaterina the Second. Moscow: Ulei Publ, 2010. (In Russian)
33. Adam, Robert, and James Adam. The works in architecture of Robert and James Adam, Esquires. 2 vols. London: printed for the authors, and sold by T. Becket, 1773, vol. 1.
34. Adam, Robert, and James Adam. The works in architecture of Robert and James Adam, Esquires. 2 vols. London: printed for the authors, and sold by T. Becket, 1773, vol. 2.
35. Komech, Aleksei, ed. Architectural monuments of Moscow. Neighborhoods of old Moscow. Moscow: Iskusstvo — XXI vek Publ., 2007. (In Russian)
36. Yearbook of the Society of Architectural Artists, iss. 7 (1912). (In Russian)
37. Ivanov, Dmitrii. “Russian architect and artist Andrey Beloborodov”. Nashe nasledie, no. 71 (2003): 144–51. (In Russian)
38. Yusupov, Felix. Memoirs. Rus. ed. Transl. by Elena Kassirova. Moscow: Zakharov Publ., 2004. (In Russian)
39. Iudin, Evgenii. Princes Yusupov: Aristocratic family in late imperial Russia: 1890–1916. Moscow: Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi gumanitarnyi universitet Publ., 2012. (In Russian)
40. Yearbook of the Society of Architectural Artists, iss. 11 (1916–1917). (In Russian)
41. Pechenkin, Ilia. “Case of the Tarasov Mansion: Notes in the Margins of the Creative Biography of I. V. Zholtovsky”. In Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles 10, eds Anna Zakharova, Svetlana Mal’tseva, and Ekaterina Staniukovich-Denisova, 460–71. St. Petersburg: NPPrint Publ., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18688/aa200-3-40 (In Russian)
42. Pechenkin, Ilia. “I. V. Zholtovsky’s early works as a special case of constructing the classics during the modernist era”. Vestnik RGGU. Seriia: Filosofiia. Sotsiologiia. Iskusstvovedenie, no. 4 (2020): 128–50. https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2020-4-128-150 (In Russian)
43. Barshch, Mikhail. “Memoirs”. In MARKhI. XX vek. Sbornik vospominanii, comp. by Andrei Nekrasov, and Aleksei Shcheglov, 96–119. 5 vols. Moscow: Salon-Press Publ., 2006, vol. 1. (In Russian)
44. Severtseva, Olga, ed. Aleksander Georgievich Gabrichevsky. Biography and culture: Documents, correspondence, memoirs. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 2011. (In Russian)
45. Pechenkin, Ilia, and Olga Shurygina. “Palladio in Russian. New data on the translation of ‘Four Books on Architecture’ at the beginning of the twentieth century”. Iskusstvoznanie, no. 3–4 (2018): 238–63. (In Russian)
Sources
I. GARF. F. 5283. Op. 15. D. 383. L. 41 [State Archives of the Russian Federation. Stock 5283. Inventory 15. Dossier 383. Sheet 41]. (In Russian)
Downloads
Published
2024-08-29
How to Cite
Pechenkin, I. E. (2024). Neoclassicism with a British Accent: Edwardian and Georgian Reflections in Russian Architecture of the 1900s–1910s. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts, 14(2), 382–404. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2024.208
Issue
Section
Architecture
License
Articles of "Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.
